Early Human Development
Volume 82, Issue 12 , Pages 761-766 , December 2006

Modifiable risk factors, sleep environment, developmental physiology and common polymorphisms: Understanding and preventing sudden infant deaths

  • Peter Fleming

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Child Life and Health, University of Bristol, UK
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. FSID Research Unit, level D, St Michaels Hospital, Southwell St, Bristol BS2 8EG, UK. Tel.: +44 117 342 0172; fax: +44 117 904 7411.
    • ,
  • Bazra Tsogt

      Affiliations

    • Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
    • ,
  • Peter S. Blair

      Affiliations

    • Institute of Child Life and Health, University of Bristol, UK

References 

  1. Rognum TO, Willinger M. The story of the “Stavanger definition”. In:  Rognum TO editors. Sudden infant death syndrome. New trends in the nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press; 1995;p. 21–25
  2. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Sidebotham P, Hayler T. Investigating sudden unexpected deaths in infancy and childhood and caring for bereaved families : an integrated multiagency approach. BMJ. 2004;328:331–334
  3. Kennedy H, Epstein J, Fleming PJ, Fox J, Moore I, Pollard J, et al. Sudden unexpected death in infancy. A multi-agency protocol for care and investigation. The report of a working group convened by the Royal College of Pathologists and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. London: RCPath and RCPCH; 2004;www.rcpch.ac.uk
  4. Working together to safeguard children. A guide to inter-agency working to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. UK: Department for Education and Skills; 2006;http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/search/IG00060/
  5. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Bacon C, Berry PJ. Sudden unexpected death in infancy. The CESDI SUDI studies 1993–1996. London: The Stationery Office; 2000;
  6. Krous HF, Beckwith B, Byard R, Rognum TO, Bajanowski T, Corey T, et al. Sudden infant death and unclassified sudden infant deaths: a definitional and diagnostic approach. Pediatrics. 2004;114:234–238
  7. Leach CEA, Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Smith IJ, Ward-Platt M, Berry PJ, et al. Sudden unexpected deaths in infancy: similarities and differences in the Epidemiology of SIDS and explained deaths. Pediatrics. 1999;104:[(electronic pages) e43. http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/4/e43]
  8. Blair PS, Sidebotham P, Berry PJ, Evans M, Fleming PJ. Major changes in the epidemiology of sudden infant death syndrome: a 20-year population based study of all unexpected deaths in infancy. Lancet. 2006;367:314–319
  9. Willcox WH. Infantile mortality from “overlaying”. BMJ. 1904;1–7[September 24]
  10. Templeman C. Two hundred and fifty eight cases of suffocation of infants. Edinb Med J. 1892;38:322–329
  11. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement . The changing concept of sudden infant death syndrome: diagnostic coding shifts, controversies regarding the sleeping environment, and new variables to consider in reducing risk. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1245–1255
  12. Gessner BD, Porter TJ. Bed sharing with unimpaired parents is not an important risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics. 2006;117:990–991
  13. Kattwinkel J, Hauck F, Moon RY, Malloy M, Willinger M. In reply. Pediatrics. 2006;117:994–996
  14. Vennemann MMT, Bajanowski T, Butterfass-Bahloul T, Sauerland C, Jorch G, Brinkmann B, et. al. Do risk fctors differ between explained sudden death in infancy (SUDI) and SIDS? Arch Dis Child. Published online 25 Aug 2006. doi:10.1136/adc.2006101337 [http://www.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/abstract/adc2006.101337v1].
  15. Mitchell EA. Smoking: the next major and modifiable risk factor. In:  Rognum TO editors. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. New Trends in the Nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press; 1995;p. 114–118
  16. Blair P, Fleming PJ, Bensley D, Smith I, Bacon C, Taylor E, et al. Smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: results of 1993-5 case-control study for confidential enquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. BMJ. 1996;313:195–198
  17. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Ward Platt M, Tripp J, Smith IJ, Berry PJ, et al. The accelerated immunisation programme in the UK and sudden unexpected death in infancy. BMJ. 2001;322:822–825
  18. Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Clements M. Immunisation and the sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 1995;73:498–501
  19. Blair PS, Ward-Platt M, Smith IJ, Fleming PJ. Sudden infant death syndrome and sleeping position in preterm and low birthweight infants: an opportunity for targeted intervention. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:101–106
  20. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Pollard K, Ward Platt M, Leach C, Smith I, et al. Pacifier use and SIDS — results from the CESDI SUDI case-control study. Arch Dis Child. 1999;81(2):112–116
  21. Mitcell EA, Blair P, L'Hoir M. Should pacifiers be recommended to prevent SIDS?. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1755–1758
  22. Blair PS, Fleming PJ, Smith IJ, Ward Platt M, Young J, Nadin P, et al. Babies sleeping with parents: case-control study of factors influencing the risk of the sudden infant death syndrome. BMJ. 1999;319:1457–1462
  23. Carpenter RG, Irgens LM, Blair P, England PD, Fleming PJ, Huber J, et al. Sudden unexplained infant death in 20 regions in Europe: case control study. Lancet. 2004;363:185–191
  24. Wailoo M, Ball H, Fleming PJ, Ward-Platt M. Infants bedsharing with mothers: helpful, harmful or don't know?. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89:1082–1083
  25. Fleming PJ, Blair PS, McKenna JJ. New knowledge, new insights and new recommendations: Scientific controversy and media hype in unexpected infant deaths. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:799–801
  26. McGarvey C, McDonnell M, O'Regan M, Matthews T. An eight year study of risk factors for SIDS: bedsharing vs non bedsharing. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:318–323
  27. Chen A, Rogan WJ. Breastfeeding and the risk of postneonatal death in the United States. Pediatrics. 2004;113:435–439
  28. Blair PS, Ward Platt M, Smith IJ, Fleming PJ. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and the time of death. Characteristics and risk factors associated with night-time and day-time deaths. Int J Epidemiol in press.
  29. Hunt L, Fleming PJ, Golding J. Does the supine sleeping position have any adverse effects on the child? (I) Health in the first 6 months. Pediatrics. 1997;100:1;[e 11 (electronic pages) http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/100/1/e11]
  30. Dewey C, Fleming PJ, Golding J. Does the supine position have any adverse effects on the child? II development in the first 18 months. Pediatrics. 1998;101:1;[e5 (electronic pages) http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/101/1/e5]
  31. Meny R, Carroll J, Carbone MT, Kelly D. Cardiorespiratory recordings from infants dying suddenly and unexpectedly at home. Pediatrics. 1994;93:44–49
  32. Morris JA. The common bacterial toxins hypothesis of sudden infant death syndrome. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 1999;25:11–17
  33. Fleming PJ, Gilbert RE, Azaz Y, Berry PJ, Rudd PT, Stewart A, et al. The interaction between bedding and sleeping position in sudden infant death syndrome: a population-based case-control study. BMJ. 1990;301:85–89
  34. McGarvey C, McDonnell M, Hamilton K, O'Regan M, Matthews T. An 8 year study of risk factors for SIDS: bedsharing vs non-bedsharing. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:318–323
  35. Gilbert RE, Rudd PT, Berry PJ, Pleming PJ, Hall E, White DG, et al. Combined effect of infection and heavy wrapping on the risk of sudden infant death. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67:272–277
  36. Fleming PJ, Howell T, Clements M, Lucas J. Thermal Balance and metabolic rate during upper respiratory tract infection in infants. Arch Dis Child. 1994;70:187–191
  37. Azaz Y, Fleming PJ, Levine M, McCabe R, Stewart A, Johnson P. The relationship between environmental temperature, metabolic rate, sleep state and evaporative water loss in infants from birth to three months. Pediatr Res. 1992;32:417–423
  38. Arkell S, Blair P, Henderson AJ, Fleming PJ. Is the mattress important in helping babies keep warm? — Paradoxical effects of a sleeping surface with negligible thermal resistance. Acta Paediatr in press.
  39. Wigfield RE, Fleming PJ, Azaz Y, Howell TE, Jacobs DE, Nadin PS, et al. How much wrapping do babies need at night?. Arch Dis Child. 1993;69:181–186
  40. Fleming PJ, Young J, Blair PS. The importance of Mother–baby interactions in determining night time thermal conditions for sleeping infants: observations from the home and the sleep laboratory. Paediatr Child Health. 2006;11:7A–11A[Suppl]
  41. Lodemore MR, Petersen SA, Wailoo MP. Factors affecting the development of night time temperature rhythms. Arch Dis Child. 1992;67(10):1259–1261
  42. Tsogt B, Manaseki-Holland S, Pollock J, Blair PS, Fleming PJ. The development of thermoregulation in a harsh environment: a prospective controlled study of the effects of swaddling on infants’ thermal balance in a Mongolian winter. Early Hum Dev. 2006;82:621
  43. Tsogt B. PhD Thesis. University of the West of England 2006.
  44. Morris Ja. Common bacterial toxins and physiological vulnerability to sudden infant death: the role of deleterious genetic mutations. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2004;42:42–47
  45. Blackwell CC, Weir D. The role of infection in sudden infant death syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1999;25:1–6
  46. Dashash M, Pravica V, Hutchinson IV, Barson AJ, Drucker D. Association of sudden infant death syndrome with VEGF and IL-6 gene polymorphisms. Hum Immunol. 2006;67:627–633
  47. Vege A, Rognum TO, Scott H, Aason AO, Saugstad OD. SIDS cases have increased levels of interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Paediatr. 1995;84:193
  48. Moscovis S, Gordon AE, Hall ST, Gleeson M, Scott RJ, Roberts-Thompsom J, et al. Interleukin1-β responses to bacterial toxins and sudden infant death syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2004;42:139–145
  49. Gunteroth WG, Spiers PS. The triple risk hypotheses in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics. 2002;110:[e64 (electronic pages) http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/110/5/e64]

PII: S0378-3782(06)00246-5

doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.09.012

Early Human Development
Volume 82, Issue 12 , Pages 761-766 , December 2006

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