Early Human Development
Volume 85, Issue 11 , Pages 691-695 , November 2009

Initial nutritional management of the preterm infant

References 

  1. Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371:75–84
  2. Franz AR, Pohlandt F, Bode H, Mihatsch WA, Sander S, Kron M, et al. Intrauterine, early neonatal, and postdischarge growth and neurodevelopmental outcome at 5.4 years in extremely preterm infants after intensive neonatal nutritional support. Pediatrics. 2009;123:e101–e109
  3. Koletzko B, Goulet O, Hunt J, Krohn K, Shamir R. 1. Guidelines on Paediatric Parenteral Nutrition of the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN), Supported by the European Society of Paediatric Research (ESPR). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;41(Suppl 2):S1–S87
  4. Johnson JD, Albritton WL, Sunshine P. Hyperammonemia accompanying parenteral nutrition in newborn infants. J Pediatr. 1972;81:154–161
  5. Heird WC, Dell RB, Driscoll JM, Grebin B, Winters RW. Metabolic acidosis resulting from intravenous alimentation mixtures containing synthetic amino acids. The N Engl J Med. 1972;287:943–948
  6. Hay WW. Strategies for Feeding the Preterm Infant. Neonatology. 2008;94:245–254
  7. Saini J, MacMahon P, Morgan JB, Kovar IZ. Early parenteral feeding of amino acids. Arch Dis Child. 1989;64:1362–1366
  8. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Nutrition. Nutritional needs of low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics. 1977;60:519–530
  9. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Nutritional needs of low-birth-weight infants. Pediatrics. 1985;75:976–986
  10. Hulst JM, van Goudoever JB, Zimmermann LJ, Hop WC, Albers MJ, Tibboel D, et al. The effect of cumulative energy and protein deficiency on anthropometric parameters in a pediatric ICU population. Clin Nutr. 2004;23:1381–1389
  11. Ehrenkranz RA. Growth outcomes of very low-birth weight infants in the newborn intensive care unit. Clin Perinatol. 2000;27:325–345
  12. Dinerstein A, Nieto RM, Solana CL, Perez GP, Otheguy LE, Larguia AM. Early and aggressive nutritional strategy (parenteral and enteral) decreases postnatal growth failure in very low birth weight infants. J Perinatol. 2006;26:436–442
  13. Heird WC. Biochemical homeostasis and body growth are reliable end points in clinical nutrition trials. Proc Nutr Soc. 2005;64:297–303
  14. Kashyap S, Schulze KF, Ramakrishnan R, Dell RB, Heird WC. Evaluation of a mathematical model for predicting the relationship between protein and energy intakes of low-birth-weight infants and the rate and composition of weight gain. Pediatr Res. 1994;35:704–712
  15. Berry MA, Abrahamowicz M, Usher RH. Factors associated with growth of extremely premature infants during initial hospitalization. Pediatrics. 1997;100:640–646
  16. Hay WW, Lucas A, Heird WC, Ziegler E, Levin E, Grave GD, et al. Workshop summary: nutrition of the extremely low birth weight infant. Pediatrics. 1999;104:1360–1368
  17. Lemons JA, Adcock EW, Jones MD, Naughton MA, Meschia G, Battaglia FC. Umbilical uptake of amino acids in the unstressed fetal lamb. J Clin Invest. 1976;58:1428–1434
  18. van Veen LC, Teng C, Hay WW, Meschia G, Battaglia FC. Leucine disposal and oxidation rates in the fetal lamb. Metabolism. 1987;36:48–53
  19. Van den Akker CH, Schierbeek H, Minderman G, Vermes A, Schoonderwaldt EM, Duvekot JJ, et al. Amino acid metabolism in the human fetus at term: leucine, valine, and methionine kinetics. in press.
  20. van den Akker CH, Schierbeek H, Dorst KY, Schoonderwaldt EM, Vermes A, Duvekot JJ, et al. Human fetal amino acid metabolism at term gestation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89:153–160
  21. Chien PF, Smith K, Watt PW, Scrimgeour CM, Taylor DJ, Rennie MJ. Protein turnover in the human fetus studied at term using stable isotope tracer amino acids. Am J Physiol. 1993;265:E31–E35
  22. Dusick AM, Poindexter BB, Ehrenkranz RA, Lemons JA. Growth failure in the preterm infant: can we catch up?. Semin Perinatol. 2003;27:302–310
  23. Denne SC, Poindexter BB. Evidence supporting early nutritional support with parenteral amino acid infusion. Semin Perinatol. 2007;31:56–60
  24. Yu VY, James B, Hendry P, MacMahon RA. Total parenteral nutrition in very low birthweight infants: a controlled trial. Arch Dis Child. 1979;54:653–661
  25. van Lingen RA, van Goudoever JB, Luijendijk IH, Wattimena JL, Sauer PJ. Effects of early amino acid administration during total parenteral nutrition on protein metabolism in pre-term infants. Clin Sci (Lond). 1992;82:199–203
  26. Anderson TL, Muttart CR, Bieber MA, Nicholson JF, Heird WC. A controlled trial of glucose versus glucose and amino acids in premature infants. J Pediatr. 1979;94:947–951
  27. Rivera A, Bell EF, Bier DM. Effect of intravenous amino acids on protein metabolism of preterm infants during the first three days of life. Pediatr Res. 1993;33:106–111
  28. Van Goudoever JB, Colen T, Wattimena JL, Huijmans JG, Carnielli VP, Sauer PJ. Immediate commencement of amino acid supplementation in preterm infants: effect on serum amino acid concentrations and protein kinetics on the first day of life. J Pediatr. 1995;127:458–465
  29. Thureen PJ, Anderson AH, Baron KA, Melara DL, Hay WW, Fennessey PV. Protein balance in the first week of life in ventilated neonates receiving parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68:1128–1135
  30. Thureen PJ, Hay WW. Early aggressive nutrition in preterm infants. Semin Neonatol. 2001;6:403–415
  31. Kashyap S. Is the early and aggressive administration of protein to very low birth weight infants safe and efficacious?. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2008;20:132–136
  32. Hans DM, Pylipow M, Long JD, Thureen PJ, Georgieff MK. Nutritional practices in the neonatal intensive care unit: analysis of a 2006 neonatal nutrition survey. Pediatrics. 2009;123:51–57
  33. Lapillonne A, Fellous L, Mokthari M, Kermorvant-Duchemin E. Parenteral nutrition objectives for very low birth weight infants: results of a national survey. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009;48:618–626
  34. Ibrahim HM, Jeroudi MA, Baier RJ, Dhanireddy R, Krouskop RW. Aggressive early total parental nutrition in low-birth-weight infants. J Perinatol. 2004;24:482–486
  35. te Braake FW, van den Akker CH, Wattimena DJ, Huijmans JG, van Goudoever JB. Amino acid administration to premature infants directly after birth. J Pediatr. 2005;147:457–461
  36. Thureen PJ, Melara D, Fennessey PV, Hay WW. Effect of low versus high intravenous amino acid intake on very low birth weight infants in the early neonatal period. Pediatr Res. 2003;53:24–32
  37. Ridout E, Melara D, Rottinghaus S, Thureen PJ. Blood urea nitrogen concentration as a marker of amino-acid intolerance in neonates with birthweight less than 1250 g. J Perinatol. 2005;25:130–133
  38. Kashyap S, Abildskov K, Holleran SF, Ramakrishnan R, Towers HM, Sahni R. Effects of early aggressive nutrition in infants with birth weight (BW) <1250g: a randomized controlled trial. PAS. 2007;(abstract) E-PAS2007:5912.2
  39. Blanco CL, Falck A, Green BK, Cornell JE, Gong AK. Metabolic Responses to Early and High Protein Supplementation in a Randomized Trial Evaluating the Prevention of Hyperkalemia in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants. J Pediatr. 2008;153:530–550
  40. Clark RH, Chace DH, Spitzer AR. Effects of two different doses of amino acid supplementation on growth and blood amino acid levels in premature neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2007;120:1286–1296
  41. Usmani SS, Cavaliere T, Casatelli J, Harper RG. Plasma ammonia levels in very low birth weight preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1993;123:797–800
  42. Rosenthal P. Assessing liver function and hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry. Clin Chem. 1997;43:228–234
  43. van den Akker CH, Te Braake FW, Schierbeek H, Rietveld T, Wattimena DJ, Bunt JE, et al. Albumin synthesis in premature neonates is stimulated by parenterally administered amino acids during the first days of life. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:1003–1008
  44. van den Akker CH, Schierbeek H, Rietveld T, Vermes A, Duvekot JJ, Steegers EA, et al. Human fetal albumin synthesis rates during different periods of gestation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:997–1003
  45. Te Braake FW, Schierbeek H, de Groof K, Vermes A, Longini M, Buonocore G, et al. Glutathione synthesis rates after amino acid administration directly after birth in preterm infants. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:333–339
  46. Riedijk MA, Voortman G, van Beek RH, Baartmans MG, Wafelman LS, van Goudoever JB. Cyst(e)ine requirements in enterally fed very low birth weight preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e561–e567
  47. Thomas B, Gruca LL, Bennett C, Parimi PS, Hanson RW, Kalhan SC. Metabolism of Methionine in the Newborn Infant: Response to the Parenteral and Enteral Administration of Nutrients. Pediatr Rese. 2008;64:381–386
  48. Saenz de Pipaon M, VanBeek RH, Quero J, Perez J, Wattimena DJ, Sauer PJ. Effect of minimal enteral feeding on splanchnic uptake of leucine in the postabsorptive state in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2003;53:281–287
  49. Roberts SA, Ball RO, Moore AM, Filler RM, Pencharz PB. The effect of graded intake of glycyl-L-tyrosine on phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism in parenterally fed neonates with an estimation of tyrosine requirement. Pediatr Res. 2001;49:111–119
  50. Cauderay M, Schutz Y, Micheli JL, Calame A, Jequier E. Energy-nitrogen balances and protein turnover in small and appropriate for gestational age low birthweight infants. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1988;42:125–136
  51. Thureen PJ, Hay WW. Intravenous nutrition and postnatal growth of the micropremie. Clin Perinatol. 2000;27:197–219
  52. Chawla D, Thukral A, Agarwal R, Deorari AK, Paul VK. Parenteral nutrition. Indian J Pediatr. 2008;75:377–383
  53. Rubin M, Naor N, Sirota L, Moser A, Pakula R, Harell D, et al. Are bilirubin and plasma lipid profiles of premature infants dependent on the lipid emulsion infused?. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1995;21:25–30
  54. Pierro A, Carnielli V, Filler RM, Smith J, Heim T. Metabolism of intravenous fat emulsion in the surgical newborn. J Pediatr Surg. 1989;24:95–101Discussion 101-2
  55. Simmer K, Rao SC. Early introduction of lipids to parenterally-fed preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;CD005256
  56. Fox GF, Wilson DC, Ohlsson A. Effect of early vs. late introduction of intravenous lipid to preterm infants on death and chronic lung disease (CLD) – Results of meta-analysis +1250. Pediatr Res. 1998;43:S214
  57. Wilson DC, Fox GF, Ohlsson A. Meta-analysis of effects of early or late introduction of intravenous lipid to preterm infants on mortality and chronic lung disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998;26:599a
  58. Clandinin MT, Chappell JE, Leong S, Heim T, Swyer PR, Chance GW. Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: implications for fatty acid requirements. Early Hum Dev. 1980;4:121–129
  59. Innis SM. Perinatal biochemistry and physiology of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Pediatr. 2003;143:S1–S8
  60. Fenton TR. A new growth chart for preterm babies: Babson and Benda's chart updated with recent data and a new format. BMC pediatrics. 2003;3:13
  61. Christensen RD, Henry E, Kiehn TI, Street JL. Pattern of daily weights among low birth weight neonates in the neonatal intensive care unit: data from a multihospital health-care system. J Perinatol. 2006;26:37–43
  62. Ehrenkranz RA, Younes N, Lemons JA, Fanaroff AA, Donovan EF, Wright LL, et al. Longitudinal growth of hospitalized very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 1999;104:280–289
  63. Pauls J, Bauer K, Versmold H. Postnatal body weight curves for infants below 1000 g birth weight receiving early enteral and parenteral nutrition. Eur J Pediatr. 1998;157:416–421
  64. Kotsopoulos K, Benadiba-Torch A, Cuddy A, Shah PS. Safety and efficacy of early amino acids in preterm <28 weeks gestation: prospective observational comparison. J Perinatol. 2006;26:749–754
  65. Vogt RA, Gargus RA, Tucker R, McKinley L, Vohr BR. Impact of early postnatal nutrition on growth in extremely low birth weight infants born small for gestational age. PAS. 2004;PAS2004:525
  66. Geary CA, Fonseca RA, Caskey MA, Malloy MH. Improved growth and decreased morbidities in <1000 g neonates after early management changes. J Perinatol. 2008;28:347–353
  67. Poindexter BB, Langer JC, Dusick AM, Ehrenkranz RA. Early provision of parenteral amino acids in extremely low birth weight infants: relation to growth and neurodevelopmental outcome. J Pediatr. 2006;148:300–305
  68. Wilson DC, Cairns P, Halliday HL, Reid M, McClure G, Dodge JA. Randomised controlled trial of an aggressive nutritional regimen in sick very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997;77:F4–F11
  69. Latal-Hajnal B, von Siebenthal K, Kovari H, Bucher HU, Largo RH. Postnatal growth in VLBW infants: significant association with neurodevelopmental outcome. J Pediatr. 2003;143:163–170
  70. Ehrenkranz RA, Dusick AM, Vohr BR, Wright LL, Wrage LA, Poole WK. Growth in the neonatal intensive care unit influences neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2006;117:1253–1261
  71. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ, Gore SM, Lucas PJ, Crowle P, et al. Early diet in preterm babies and developmental status at 18 months. Lancet. 1990;335:1477–1481
  72. Lucas A, Morley R, Cole TJ. Randomised trial of early diet in preterm babies and later intelligence quotient. BMJ. 1998;317:1481–1487
  73. Isaacs EB, Gadian DG, Sabatini S, Chong WK, Quinn BT, Fischl BR, et al. The effect of early human diet on caudate volumes and IQ. Pediatr Res. 2008;63:308–314
  74. Blanco CL, Cornell JE, Ramamurthy RS, Gong AK. Two Year Follow-Up Study From: The Effect of Early and Higher Protein Supplementation on Prevention of Hyperkalemia in Extremely Low Birth Weight (ELBW) Infants. PAS. 2008;PAS2008:5630.7
  75. Stephens BE, Walden RV, Gargus RA, Tucker R, McKinley L, Mance M, et al. First-week protein and energy intakes are associated with 18-month developmental outcomes in extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2009;123:1337–1343

PII: S0378-3782(09)00180-7

doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.052

Early Human Development
Volume 85, Issue 11 , Pages 691-695 , November 2009