Is smoking in pregnancy an independent predictor of academic difficulties at 14years of age? A birth cohort study
Received 5 March 2009; received in revised form 17 September 2009; accepted 20 December 2009.
Abstract
Background
Studies of the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy have reported inconsistent findings in relation to measures of offspring cognitive functioning. Few studies, however, have examined learning outcomes in adolescents, as opposed to IQ.
Aim
To examine the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and academic performance among adolescent offspring.
Study design
Population-based birth cohort study.
Subjects
7223 mothers and children were enrolled in the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy in Brisbane (Australia) from 1981 to 1984. Analyses were restricted to the 4294 mothers and children for whom all information was reported at 14-year follow-up.
Outcome measures
Reports of academic performance of 14-year-old offspring in English, Science and Mathematics with different patterns of maternal smoking (never smoked, smoked before and/or after pregnancy but not during pregnancy, or smoked during pregnancy).
Results
Low academic achievement was more common only in those whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy. Effect sizes were, however, small. The adjusted mean difference in total learning score for smoking before and/or after pregnancy but not during pregnancy, and for smoking during pregnancy were −0.18 (−0.58, 0.22) and −0.40 (−0.69, −0.12). Similarly, the adjusted odds ratios were 0.9 (0. 65, 1.24) and 1.35 (1.07, 1.70).
Conclusion
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a preventable prenatal risk factor associated with small decrements in offspring academic performance that continue into adolescence.
ABSTRACT