A longitudinal study of differences in electroencephalographic activity among breastfed, milk formula-fed, and soy formula-fed infants during the first year of life

Abstract 

Background

The extent to which adequate nutrition from infant diets differentially influence developmental outcomes in healthy infants has not been determined.

Aim

To compare the effects of the major infant diets on the development of brain electrical activity during infancy.

Study design

Scalp EEG signals (124 sites) recorded from the same infants during quiet wakefulness at 3, 6, 9, and 12months.

Subjects

Healthy, full-term infants (40/group; gender matched) either breastfed (BF) or fed milk formula (MF) or soy formula (SF) through the first 6months.

Outcome measures

Power spectral values for frequencies in the 0.1–30Hz range.

Results

Significant diet-related differences were present across frequency bands and included effects that were time- [peaks in 0.1–3Hz at 6 (MF,SF) and 9months (BF); 3–6Hz at 6months (MF, SF>BF); increases in 6–9Hz from 3 to 6months (MF>BF) and from 6 to 9months (MF>SF)] and gender-related (9–12Hz and 12–30Hz: at 9months BF>MF, SF boys, and MF>SF girls).

Conclusions

The development of brain electrical activity during infancy differs between those who are breastfed compared with those fed either milk or soy formula, but is generally similar for formula-fed groups. These variations in EEG activity reflect diet-related influences on the development of brain structure and function that could put infants on different neurodevelopmental trajectories along which cognitive and brain function development will proceed.

Keywords: Brain, Infant formula, EEG, Spectral analysis