Magnetic resonance imaging in hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy

Abstract 

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is invaluable in assessing the neonate who presents with encephalopathy. Successful imaging requires adaptations to both the hardware and sequences used for adults. Knowledge of the perinatal and postnatal details are essential for the correct interpretation of the imaging findings. Perinatal lesions are at their most obvious on conventional imaging between 1 and 2weeks from delivery. Very early imaging is useful to guide management in ventilated neonates but abnormalities may be subtle on conventional sequences. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is clinically useful for the early identification of ischaemic tissue in the neonatal brain, the pattern of which can predict outcome. DWI may underestimate the final extent of injury, particularly basal ganglia and thalamic lesions. Serial imaging with quantification of both tissue damage and structure size provides invaluable insights into the effects of perinatal injury on the developing brain.

Abbreviations: ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient, BGT, basal ganglia and thalami, DWI, diffusion-weighted imaging, EEG, electroencephalogram, EPI, echo planar imaging, FFE, fast field echo, FOV, field of view, HIE, hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, MR, magnetic resonance, NAA, N-Acetylaspartate, NSA, number of signal averages, PLIC, posterior limb of the internal capsule, PVL, periventricular white matter, SENSE, sensitivity encoding, SI, signal intensity, SNR, signal to noise ratio, SVR, snapshot volume reconstruction, TR, repetition time, TE, echo time, TSE, turbo spin echo, WM, white matter

Keywords: Neonate, Brain, Hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy, Magnetic resonance imaging